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<title>Diary of a Fragile Skin</title>
<link>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/</link>
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<item>
  <title>Die Weisheit der Vielen: warum der Durchschnitt fast jeden schlägt</title>
  <link>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-13-weisheit-der-vielen/</link>
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<p>Es begann mit einer Tipprunde. Für die WM tippte ich jedes Spiel nach den Buchmacher-Quoten, immer das wahrscheinlichste Ergebnis. Die Annahme dahinter: Wer nur die Quoten abschreibt, bildet die Durchschnittsmeinung ab und landet im Mittelfeld. Es kam anders. Ich wurde Erster.</p>
<p>Das ist auf den ersten Blick widersprüchlich. Wie wird man Erster, wenn man nur den Durchschnitt kopiert? (Den Tipp-Teil habe ich separat notiert: <a href="../2026-07-11-quoten-tippen/" class="intern">Tippen, ohne Fußball zu mögen</a>)</p>
<p>Dasselbe Muster war mir vorher schon begegnet, in einem anderen Kontext. Ich hatte einen Index-ETF auf den MSCI World mit einigen aktiv gemanagten Fonds verglichen. Der Index wählt keine Gewinner aus, er ist der Marktdurchschnitt. Über mehrere Jahre lag er trotzdem vor den meisten aktiven Fonds. Fußballwetten und Aktienmarkt haben wenig gemeinsam. In beiden gewann der Durchschnitt.</p>
<p>Das Phänomen ist gut untersucht. Einen einzelnen Namen hat es nicht, es setzt sich aus mehreren Mechanismen zusammen.</p>
<section id="ein-ochse-auf-dem-jahrmarkt" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ein-ochse-auf-dem-jahrmarkt">Ein Ochse auf dem Jahrmarkt</h2>
<p>Der Ausgangsbefund ist über hundert Jahre alt. 1906 ließ Francis Galton Besucher eines Viehmarkts das Gewicht eines Ochsen schätzen. Knapp 800 Schätzungen kamen zusammen, von Metzgern bis zu Laien. Kein Einzelner traf das Gewicht. Der Durchschnitt aller Schätzungen lag rund ein Prozent daneben, näher als jeder einzelne Fachmann <span class="citation" data-cites="galton1907">(Galton, 1907)</span>. Der Effekt heißt heute Weisheit der Vielen <span class="citation" data-cites="surowiecki2004">(Surowiecki, 2004)</span>.</p>
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<p>Die grüne Linie markiert das wahre Gewicht, die gelbe den Durchschnitt aller Schätzungen. Sie liegen fast aufeinander.</p>
</section>
<section id="warum-das-mitteln-funktioniert" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="warum-das-mitteln-funktioniert">Warum das Mitteln funktioniert</h2>
<p>Der Mechanismus ist einfach. Schätzen viele unabhängig voneinander, liegen die einen zu hoch, die anderen zu tief. Beim Mitteln heben sich diese Fehler weitgehend auf. Übrig bleibt der gemeinsame Anteil, das, was die meisten ungefähr richtig treffen.</p>
<p>Formal fasst das das Diversity Prediction Theorem: Der Fehler der Gruppe ist stets kleiner als der mittlere Fehler ihrer Mitglieder, und er sinkt mit der Streuung der Einzelschätzungen <span class="citation" data-cites="page2007">(Page, 2007)</span>. Unterschiedliche Meinungen sind hier Voraussetzung, nicht Störung.</p>
<p>Der Zugewinn ist früh ausgereizt. Der Sprung von einer auf etwa fünf unabhängige Schätzungen bringt den größten Teil, weitere Teilnehmer tragen wenig bei <span class="citation" data-cites="diebold2025">(Diebold et al., 2025)</span>.</p>
</section>
<section id="zurück-zu-den-quoten" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="zurück-zu-den-quoten">Zurück zu den Quoten</h2>
<p>Damit wird die Tipprunde erklärbar. Eine Buchmacher-Quote ist ein Aggregat. Sie verdichtet Meinungen, Modelle und das Wettverhalten vieler zu einer Wahrscheinlichkeit. In Vergleichen schlagen Quoten aufwendige Statistik- und Rating-Modelle <span class="citation" data-cites="wunderlich2018 forrest2005">(Forrest et al., 2005; Wunderlich &amp; Memmert, 2018)</span>. Wer den Quoten folgt, übernimmt diese aggregierte Einschätzung, ohne eigene Fehler hinzuzufügen.</p>
<p>Ein zweiter Effekt kommt hinzu, der Favorite-Longshot-Bias: Außenseiter werden systematisch über-, Favoriten unterschätzt <span class="citation" data-cites="whelan2024">(Whelan, 2024)</span>. Favoriten zu tippen liegt deshalb leicht über dem Durchschnitt und hat geringe Streuung. In einem Feld riskanter Einzeltipps reicht das für den ersten Platz.</p>
<p>Eine Einschränkung bleibt. Der Vorteil ist relativ: Gegen die Mitspieler gewinnt man, gegen den Buchmacher nicht, denn dessen Marge steckt in der Quote. Ein positiver Erwartungswert entsteht nicht.</p>
</section>
<section id="zwei-gründe-warum-kaum-jemand-den-index-schlägt" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="zwei-gründe-warum-kaum-jemand-den-index-schlägt">Zwei Gründe, warum kaum jemand den Index schlägt</h2>
<p>An der Börse ist die Beobachtung dieselbe, die Erklärung besteht aus zwei getrennten Teilen.</p>
<p>Der erste Teil ist Arithmetik. William Sharpe hat ihn 1991 formuliert: Vor Kosten erzielt der durchschnittliche aktiv investierte Euro exakt die Marktrendite, weil alle Anleger zusammen den Markt bilden. Nach Gebühren bleibt zwangsläufig weniger <span class="citation" data-cites="sharpe1991">(Sharpe, 1991)</span>. Das hängt nicht vom Marktumfeld ab. Die Daten stützen es: Über 15 Jahre schlägt in keiner Fondskategorie eine Mehrheit der aktiven Manager den Vergleichsindex; 2025 verfehlten rund 79 Prozent der großen US-Aktienfonds den S&amp;P 500 <span class="citation" data-cites="spiva2025">(S&amp;P Dow Jones Indices, 2025)</span>. Im Mittel kosten die Gebühren die Fonds etwa das, was sie an Vorsprung erwirtschaften <span class="citation" data-cites="famafrench2010">(Fama &amp; French, 2010)</span>.</p>
<p>Der zweite Teil erklärt, warum nicht die Hälfte, sondern die Mehrheit unter dem Durchschnitt liegt. Er steckt in der Verteilung der Renditen. Wenige Aktien tragen fast den gesamten Gewinn, der Rest bleibt zurück. Die Zahlen von Hendrik Bessembinder: Über die volle Haltedauer schlägt weniger als die Hälfte der US-Aktien eine kurzlaufende Staatsanleihe; etwa vier Prozent der Unternehmen erzeugen den gesamten Nettovermögenszuwachs des US-Marktes seit 1926 <span class="citation" data-cites="bessembinder2018">(Bessembinder, 2018)</span>. Weltweit gilt dasselbe <span class="citation" data-cites="bessembinder2023">(Bessembinder et al., 2023)</span>.</p>
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font-style: inherit;">randomLcg</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>))(<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.2</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.9</span>)</span>
<span id="cb3-117">renditen <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">900</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">map</span>(() <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> <span class="bu" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Math</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">round</span>((<span class="bu" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Math</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>(<span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">normalGen</span>()) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span>))</span>
<span id="cb3-118">medianR <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">median</span>(renditen)</span>
<span id="cb3-119">meanR <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">mean</span>(renditen)</span></code></pre></div></div>
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<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb4" data-startfrom="123" data-source-offset="0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 122;"><span id="cb4-123">Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot</span>({</span>
<span id="cb4-124">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginLeft</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">48</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-125">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginBottom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">52</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-126">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">style</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">background</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontSize</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-127">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Rendite über die Haltedauer (%)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelOffset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">44</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">domain</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">100</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">300</span>] }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-128">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Anzahl Aktien"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-129">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [</span>
<span id="cb4-130">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">rectY</span>(renditen<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">binX</span>({ <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"count"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#b892ff"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tip</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }))<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-131">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ruleX</span>([medianR]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stroke</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#34d399"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">strokeWidth</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span> })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-132">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ruleX</span>([meanR]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stroke</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#fbbf24"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">strokeWidth</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">strokeDasharray</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5 3"</span> })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-133">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ruleY</span>([<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>])<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-134">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">text</span>([<span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`Median </span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">${</span>medianR<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">%`</span>]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> medianR<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">frameAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">8</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dx</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">textAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"start"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#34d399"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontWeight</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span> })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-135">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">text</span>([<span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`Ø </span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">${</span><span class="bu" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Math</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">round</span>(meanR)<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">%`</span>]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> meanR<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">frameAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"top"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">8</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dx</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">textAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"start"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#fbbf24"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontWeight</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"bold"</span> })</span>
<span id="cb4-136">  ]</span>
<span id="cb4-137">})</span></code></pre></div></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<div id="ojs-cell-4" data-nodetype="expression">

</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Grün ist die typische Aktie (der Median), gelb der Durchschnitt. Wer wenige Einzelwerte hält, erwischt mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die vielen mittelmäßigen und verpasst die seltenen Ausreißer. Es ist dieselbe Struktur wie die Außenseiterwette: eine konzentrierte Position gegen den Durchschnitt.</p>
</section>
<section id="wann-die-menge-sich-irrt" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wann-die-menge-sich-irrt">Wann die Menge sich irrt</h2>
<p>Der Effekt hat eine Bedingung: Die Einzelmeinungen müssen annähernd unabhängig sein. Schauen alle voneinander ab oder folgen demselben Trend, addieren sich die Fehler, statt sich auszugleichen. Das Ergebnis sind Blasen und Paniken.</p>
<p>Den Durchschnitt zu schlagen ist möglich, aber schwer und selten verlässlich. Es gibt dokumentierte Ausnahmen: an der Börse etwa Value, Size und Momentum, in manchen Wettmärkten lokale Ineffizienzen. Nach Kosten und über lange Zeiträume bleibt für die meisten wenig davon.</p>
</section>
<section id="was-folgt-daraus" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="was-folgt-daraus">Was folgt daraus</h2>
<p>Zwei Dinge. Erstens ist der aggregierte Konsens, ob Quote oder Index, ein starker Ausgangspunkt, den man nicht ohne Grund verlässt. Zweitens braucht, wer ihn schlagen will, entweder echte, unabhängige Information oder eine belegte Ineffizienz. Alles dazwischen ist im Mittel teurer Zufall.</p>
</section>
<section id="literatur" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="literatur">Literatur</h2>
<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2">
<div id="ref-bessembinder2018" class="csl-entry">
Bessembinder, H. (2018). Do Stocks Outperform Treasury Bills? <em>Journal of Financial Economics</em>, <em>129</em>(3), 440–457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.06.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.06.004</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-bessembinder2023" class="csl-entry">
Bessembinder, H., Chen, T.-F., Choi, G., &amp; Wei, K. C. J. (2023). Long-Term Shareholder Returns: Evidence from 64,000 Global Stocks. <em>Financial Analysts Journal</em>, <em>79</em>(3).
</div>
<div id="ref-diebold2025" class="csl-entry">
Diebold, F. X., Mora, N., &amp; Shin, M. (2025). On the Wisdom of Crowds (of Economists). <em>arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09287</em>.
</div>
<div id="ref-famafrench2010" class="csl-entry">
Fama, E. F., &amp; French, K. R. (2010). Luck versus Skill in the Cross-Section of Mutual Fund Returns. <em>The Journal of Finance</em>, <em>65</em>(5), 1915–1947. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01598.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01598.x</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-forrest2005" class="csl-entry">
Forrest, D., Goddard, J., &amp; Simmons, R. (2005). Odds-Setters as Forecasters: The Case of English Football. <em>International Journal of Forecasting</em>, <em>21</em>(3), 551–564. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2005.03.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2005.03.003</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-galton1907" class="csl-entry">
Galton, F. (1907). Vox Populi. <em>Nature</em>, <em>75</em>, 450–451. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/075450a0">https://doi.org/10.1038/075450a0</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-page2007" class="csl-entry">
Page, S. E. (2007). <em>The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies</em>. Princeton University Press.
</div>
<div id="ref-sharpe1991" class="csl-entry">
Sharpe, W. F. (1991). The Arithmetic of Active Management. <em>Financial Analysts Journal</em>, <em>47</em>(1), 7–9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v47.n1.7">https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v47.n1.7</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-spiva2025" class="csl-entry">
S&amp;P Dow Jones Indices. (2025). <em><span>SPIVA</span> U.S. Scorecard</em>. S&amp;P Global.
</div>
<div id="ref-surowiecki2004" class="csl-entry">
Surowiecki, J. (2004). <em>The Wisdom of Crowds</em>. Doubleday.
</div>
<div id="ref-whelan2024" class="csl-entry">
Whelan, K. (2024). Favourite-Longshot Bias in Betting Markets. <em>Economica</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12500">https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12500</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-wunderlich2018" class="csl-entry">
Wunderlich, F., &amp; Memmert, D. (2018). The Betting Odds Rating System: Using Soccer Forecasts to Forecast Soccer. <em>PLOS ONE</em>, <em>13</em>(6), e0198668. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198668">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198668</a>
</div>
</div>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>statistik</category>
  <category>finanzen</category>
  <category>prognose</category>
  <guid>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-13-weisheit-der-vielen/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 12 Jul 2026 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Value-Wetten: die Kante steckt in der Korrelation</title>
  <link>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-12-value-wetten/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<p>Im Artikel <a href="../2026-07-11-quoten-tippen/" class="intern">WM Tipps, mit/ohne Plan</a> habe ich aus Quoten eine Wahrscheinlichkeit für jedes mögliche Ergebnis gebaut, die Ergebnis-Matrix. Dort ging es darum, den besten Tipp zu finden. Hier drehe ich die Frage um: Wo verrechnet sich der Buchmacher so, dass eine Wette sich im Schnitt lohnt?</p>
<p>Die kurze Antwort: bei einzelnen Wetten fast nie, bei Kombis manchmal. Und der Grund dafür ist Korrelation.</p>
<section id="was-eine-value-wette-ist" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="was-eine-value-wette-ist">Was eine Value-Wette ist</h2>
<p>Eine Wette hat Value, wenn ihr Erwartungswert positiv ist. Der Erwartungswert (EV) ist einfach zu rechnen:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BEV%7D%20=%20%5Ctext%7BModell-Wahrscheinlichkeit%7D%20%5Ctimes%20%5Ctext%7BQuote%7D%20-%201"></p>
<p>Die Wahrscheinlichkeit mal die Quote ist, was man pro eingesetztem Euro im Schnitt zurückbekommt. Minus eins, weil der Euro Einsatz weg ist. Ist das Ergebnis über null, gewinnt man auf lange Sicht.</p>
<p>Bei einzelnen Wetten geht das fast nie auf. Der Buchmacher schätzt die Wahrscheinlichkeit ungefähr so gut wie mein Modell (beide verarbeiten dieselbe öffentliche Information), und oben drauf legt er seine Marge. Meine Modell-Wahrscheinlichkeit mal seine Quote liegt deshalb meistens unter eins. Bei den WM-Halbfinals war jede einzelne Wette im Minus.</p>
</section>
<section id="der-trick-mit-der-korrelation" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="der-trick-mit-der-korrelation">Der Trick mit der Korrelation</h2>
<p>Interessant wird es bei Kombiwetten, also zwei Bedingungen in einer Wette, etwa „Heimsieg und mehr als 2,5 Tore”. Buchmacher preisen solche Kombis oft so, als wären die zwei Bedingungen unabhängig: Sie multiplizieren grob die Einzelquoten. In Wirklichkeit hängen die beiden aber zusammen. Ein Heimsieg des Favoriten geht überdurchschnittlich oft mit vielen Toren einher. Die zwei Bedingungen sind positiv korreliert.</p>
<p>Genau da entsteht die Kante. Die echte gemeinsame Wahrscheinlichkeit ist höher, als das naive Produkt der Einzelwahrscheinlichkeiten vermuten lässt. Ich muss sie nur richtig ausrechnen, und dafür habe ich die Matrix schon.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb1" data-startfrom="46" data-source-offset="-0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 45;"><span id="cb1-46">poissonPmf <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> (k<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> {</span>
<span id="cb1-47">  <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">1</span></span>
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">++</span>) f <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">*=</span> i</span>
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font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">exp</span>(<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">pow</span>(lambda<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">/</span> f</span>
<span id="cb1-50">}</span>
<span id="cb1-51">tau <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=</span> (x<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">0</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span id="cb1-55">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">if</span> (x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span id="cb1-56">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
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<span id="cb1-57">}</span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1.48</span></span>
<span id="cb1-59">lambdaA <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">1.23</span></span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.1</span></span>
<span id="cb1-61">maxTore <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span></span>
<span id="cb1-62">matrixRoh <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">flatMap</span>(x <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-63">  d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> maxTore <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">map</span>(y <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> ({</span>
<span id="cb1-64">    x<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> y<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poissonPmf</span>(x<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaH) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poissonPmf</span>(y<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaA) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tau</span>(x<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> y<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaH<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaA<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> rho)</span>
<span id="cb1-65">  }))</span>
<span id="cb1-66">)</span>
<span id="cb1-67">matrixSumme <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span>(matrixRoh<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-68">matrix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> matrixRoh<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">map</span>(d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> ({ <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> matrixSumme }))</span>
<span id="cb1-69">pHeim <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span>(matrix<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">filter</span>(d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-70">pUeber <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span>(matrix<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">filter</span>(d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-71">korrData <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> [</span>
<span id="cb1-72">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">art</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"naiv: P(Heim) × P(Über 2,5)"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">wert</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> pHeim <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> pUeber }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-73">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">art</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"echt: gemeinsam aus der Matrix"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">wert</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span>(matrix<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">filter</span>(d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;=</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span>) }</span>
<span id="cb1-74">]</span></code></pre></div></div>
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<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb2" data-startfrom="78" data-source-offset="0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 77;"><span id="cb2-78">Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot</span>({</span>
<span id="cb2-79">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginLeft</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">55</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-80">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginBottom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">40</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-81">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">style</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">background</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontSize</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-82">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">null</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-83">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Wahrscheinlichkeit"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">percent</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-84">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [</span>
<span id="cb2-85">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">barY</span>(korrData<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> {</span>
<span id="cb2-86">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"art"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"wert"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-87">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">art</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">startsWith</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"echt"</span>) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">?</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#34d399"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#b892ff"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-88">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.65</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-89">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tip</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">format</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> } }</span>
<span id="cb2-90">    })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-91">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">text</span>(korrData<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"art"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
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<p>Die echte gemeinsame Wahrscheinlichkeit (grün) liegt über dem naiven Produkt (lila). Rechnet der Buchmacher mit dem naiven Wert, ist seine Kombiquote zu hoch, und genau dann entsteht Value.</p>
</section>
<section id="wie-das-programm-rechnet" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wie-das-programm-rechnet">Wie das Programm rechnet</h2>
<p>Für jedes Kombi-Angebot macht es drei Dinge.</p>
<p><strong>1. Die echte gemeinsame Wahrscheinlichkeit aus der Matrix holen.</strong> Nicht „P(Ergebnis) × P(Über/Unter)“, das wäre der falsche, unabhängige Weg. Stattdessen geht es direkt durch die Matrix und summiert nur die Felder, die beide Bedingungen zugleich erfüllen:</p>
<pre><code>für jede Zelle x:y in der Matrix:
    wenn (Ergebnis-Bedingung erfüllt) UND (x+y erfüllt Über/Unter):
        gemeinsameWkt += M[x][y]</code></pre>
<p>Für „Heimsieg + Über 2,5” zählen also nur Zellen mit x &gt; y und x + y &gt; 2,5, etwa 2:1, 3:1 oder 3:0. Deren Wahrscheinlichkeiten addiert ergeben die echte gemeinsame Wahrscheinlichkeit, die Korrelation ist darin automatisch enthalten.</p>
<p><strong>2. Den Erwartungswert bilden.</strong> EV = gemeinsameWkt × Kombiquote − 1.</p>
<p><strong>3. Nur echte Value-Wetten behalten.</strong> Kommt ein positiver EV heraus, wandert die Kombi in die Liste, sortiert nach EV. Die lukrativste steht oben. Pro Treffer notiere ich:</p>
<table class="caption-top table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Feld</th>
<th>Bedeutung</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>label</td>
<td>z. B. „Heimsieg + Über 2,5”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>modelProb</td>
<td>Modell-Wahrscheinlichkeit der Kombi</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>comboOdds</td>
<td>die angebotene Kombiquote</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ev</td>
<td>Erwartungswert, größer als null</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="warum-das-überhaupt-value-finden-kann" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="warum-das-überhaupt-value-finden-kann">Warum das überhaupt Value finden kann</h2>
<p>Der ganze Vorteil liegt in dem einen Unterschied: Der Buchmacher preist die Kombi oft, als wären die Beine unabhängig. Mein Modell rechnet die wahre gemeinsame Wahrscheinlichkeit aus der Matrix. Ist die höher, als die Kombiquote impliziert, entsteht positiver EV. Genau dort steckt die Kante, die es bei Einzelwetten (wo die Marge alles auffrisst) nicht gibt.</p>
</section>
<section id="wo-die-grenze-liegt" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wo-die-grenze-liegt">Wo die Grenze liegt</h2>
<p>Der Value-Finder rechnet nur, er braucht die echten Kombiquoten des Buchmachers als Eingabe. Die kommen nicht aus dem normalen Einzelquoten-Scraper, sondern müssen aus der Kombi-Ansicht geholt werden. Ohne diese Quoten kann das Programm kein Value ausweisen.</p>
<p>Der Zwilling dazu macht das Umgekehrte: Er braucht keine Quoten, sondern listet die wahrscheinlichsten Kombis aus Ergebnis und Über/Unter auf (Wahrscheinlichkeit über 50 %). Nützlich, um selbst eine möglichst sichere Kombi zusammenzustellen.</p>
<p>Und die ehrliche Einordnung: Das Ganze ist eher ein Werkzeug zum Suchen als eine Geldmaschine. Die gefundene Kante muss die Marge übersteigen, die Ergebnisse schwanken stark, und ohne die passenden Kombiquoten bleibt der Finder stumm.</p>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>statistik</category>
  <category>sportwetten</category>
  <category>projekt</category>
  <guid>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-12-value-wetten/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 11 Jul 2026 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>WM Tipps, mit/ohne Plan</title>
  <link>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-11-quoten-tippen/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<p>In meinem Freundeskreis wurde zum Beginn der Fußball-WM eine Tipprunde gestartet. Die Regel dahinter: Wer am Ende Letzter wird, organisiert ein Grillen. Das Ziel ist also, nicht zu verlieren.</p>
<p>Mein Problem: Fußball interessiert mich nicht. Mit Wetten hatte ich dagegen schon rumgespielt. Der erste logische Schluss war deshalb, das Ganze nicht als Fußball-, sondern als Wettproblem zu behandeln und stur nach den Buchmacher-Quoten zu tippen.</p>
<section id="wie-die-punkte-fallen" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wie-die-punkte-fallen">Wie die Punkte fallen</h2>
<p>Damit klar ist, worum es geht, kurz das Punktesystem unserer Runde:</p>
<ul>
<li>2 Punkte für die richtige Tendenz, also wer gewinnt oder ob es unentschieden ausgeht.</li>
<li>3 Punkte für die richtige Tordifferenz.</li>
<li>4 Punkte für das exakte Ergebnis.</li>
</ul>
<p>Der Haken steckt in dieser Staffelung. Es reicht nicht, den Sieger zu treffen. Die meisten Punkte gibt es fürs genaue Ergebnis, und das macht das Tippen zu mehr als einer Ja-oder-Nein-Frage.</p>
</section>
<section id="der-buchmacher-weiß-mehr-als-ich" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="der-buchmacher-weiß-mehr-als-ich">Der Buchmacher weiß mehr als ich</h2>
<p>Meine Grundannahme ist dieselbe wie bei der Effizienzmarkthypothese <span class="citation" data-cites="fama1970">(Fama, 1970)</span>: Alles an öffentlich verfügbarer Information kennt der Buchmacher auch, vermutlich sogar mehr, und all das steckt bereits in seinen Quoten. Ich muss den Markt also nicht schlagen, sondern nur abgreifen, was er ohnehin weiß. Dass Quoten der beste frei verfügbare Prognosewert für Spielausgänge sind, ist gut belegt <span class="citation" data-cites="wunderlich2018 forrest2005">(Forrest et al., 2005; Wunderlich &amp; Memmert, 2018)</span>. Warum eine solche aggregierte Markt-Einschätzung so schwer zu schlagen ist, habe ich getrennt notiert: <a href="../2026-07-13-weisheit-der-vielen/" class="intern">Die Weisheit der Vielen</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="das-problem-mit-dem-wahrscheinlichsten-ergebnis" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="das-problem-mit-dem-wahrscheinlichsten-ergebnis">Das Problem mit dem wahrscheinlichsten Ergebnis</h2>
<p>Beim Tippen nach Quoten stieß ich schnell auf einen Widerspruch. Manchmal ist ein Team klarer Favorit, das wahrscheinlichste Einzelergebnis ist aber ein Unentschieden, etwa 1:1. Tippe ich auf den Favoritensieg, ignoriere ich das wahrscheinlichste Ergebnis. Tippe ich 1:1, wette ich gegen den Favoriten. Reines Quoten-Tippen sagt mir nicht eindeutig, was ich eintragen soll.</p>
<p>Die saubere Lösung ist, nicht auf ein Bauchgefühl zu setzen, sondern die Frage durchzurechnen: für jedes Spiel eine Wahrscheinlichkeit für jedes mögliche Ergebnis, und daraus der Tipp mit den meisten erwarteten Punkten. Damit das automatisch passiert, habe ich ein kleines Programm gebaut. Es geht in fünf Schritten von der Quote zum Tipp. In diesen Schritten steckt der eigentliche Statistik-Teil, deshalb der Reihe nach. Als durchgehendes Beispiel dient ein Spiel, in dem das Heimteam leichter Favorit ist.</p>
</section>
<section id="schritt-1-die-marge-rausrechnen" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="schritt-1-die-marge-rausrechnen">Schritt 1: Die Marge rausrechnen</h2>
<p>Eine Quote ist eine verkleidete Wahrscheinlichkeit. Quote 2,00 heißt: Der Buchmacher zahlt das Doppelte des Einsatzes, das entspricht einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 1/2,00 = 50 %. Rechnet man das für alle drei Ausgänge (Heimsieg, Remis, Gastsieg), stößt man auf ein Problem: Die drei Werte summieren sich auf mehr als 100 %.</p>
<p>Bei unserem Beispielspiel mit den Quoten 2,30 / 3,30 / 3,20 sind das 1/2,30 + 1/3,30 + 1/3,20 = 105 %. Die überschüssigen fünf Prozentpunkte sind kein Rechenfehler, sondern die eingebaute Marge des Buchmachers, sein Gewinn. Wahrscheinlichkeiten müssen aber 100 % ergeben. Also teile ich jeden Wert durch die Summe. Übrig bleiben faire Wahrscheinlichkeiten, die sauber aufgehen: rund 41 % / 29 % / 30 %.</p>
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<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb2" data-startfrom="82" data-source-offset="0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 81;"><span id="cb2-82">Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot</span>({</span>
<span id="cb2-83">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginLeft</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">55</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-84">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginBottom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">34</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-85">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">style</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">background</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontSize</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-86">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">null</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-87">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Wahrscheinlichkeit"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">percent</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-88">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">legend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#b892ff"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#5ad1c9"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#f0a868"</span>] }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-89">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [</span>
<span id="cb2-90">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">barY</span>(marginStapel<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"gruppe"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"wert"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"typ"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.65</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tip</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">format</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> } } })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb2-91">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ruleY</span>([<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stroke</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">strokeDasharray</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"4 3"</span> })</span>
<span id="cb2-92">  ]</span>
<span id="cb2-93">})</span></code></pre></div></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<div id="ojs-cell-2" data-nodetype="expression">

</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Die linke Säule zeigt die rohen Werte (Summe über 100 %), die rechte die fairen. Der Abstand der linken Säule zur gestrichelten 100-%-Linie ist die Marge.</p>
</section>
<section id="schritt-2-wie-viele-tore-sind-zu-erwarten" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="schritt-2-wie-viele-tore-sind-zu-erwarten">Schritt 2: Wie viele Tore sind zu erwarten?</h2>
<p>Aus den fairen Wahrscheinlichkeiten weiß ich, wie oft Heim gewinnt, wie oft es remis steht, wie oft Gast gewinnt. Für einen Tipp brauche ich mehr: die Wahrscheinlichkeit einzelner Ergebnisse wie 2:1. Dafür brauche ich ein Modell, das Tore erzeugt.</p>
<p>Das übliche Modell ist die Poisson-Verteilung. Sie beschreibt, wie oft ein seltenes Ereignis in einem festen Zeitraum eintritt, wenn die einzelnen Gelegenheiten unabhängig sind. Tore passen gut dazu. Die Verteilung hat nur einen Parameter: λ, die erwartete Anzahl. Ein λ von 1,5 heißt, das Team erzielt im Schnitt 1,5 Tore, mal keins, mal eins, mal drei.</p>
<p>λ kenne ich aber nicht, ich kenne nur die fairen Sieg-, Remis- und Niederlage-Werte. Also drehe ich die Frage um: Welche zwei λ (für Heim und Gast) erzeugen genau diese Wahrscheinlichkeiten? Das Programm sucht sie mit einer Rastersuche. Es probiert viele λ-Kombinationen durch, baut für jede die Ergebnis-Verteilung, misst den Abstand zu den Zielwerten und verfeinert das Raster in vier Durchgängen um die beste Stelle herum. Für unser Beispiel kommt λ = 1,48 für Heim und 1,23 für Gast heraus. Liegt zusätzlich eine Über/Unter-2,5-Quote vor, wird sie mit eingepasst, damit auch die Gesamt-Torzahl stimmt.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb3" data-startfrom="122" data-source-offset="-0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 121;"><span id="cb3-122">poissonPmf <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> (k<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> {</span>
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
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font-style: inherit;">0</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">+</span> lh <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> (x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>) <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">return</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">+</span> la <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span id="cb3-131">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> (x <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> y <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>) <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">return</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> r</span>
<span id="cb3-132">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span></span>
<span id="cb3-133">}</span>
<span id="cb3-134">lambdaH <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1.48</span></span>
<span id="cb3-135">lambdaA <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1.23</span></span>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.1</span></span>
<span id="cb3-137">maxTore <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span></span>
<span id="cb3-138">matrixRoh <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> maxTore <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">flatMap</span>(x <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb3-139">  d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> maxTore <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">map</span>(y <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> ({</span>
<span id="cb3-140">    x<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> y<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poissonPmf</span>(x<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaH) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poissonPmf</span>(y<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaA) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tau</span>(x<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> y<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaH<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaA<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> rho)</span>
<span id="cb3-141">  }))</span>
<span id="cb3-142">)</span>
<span id="cb3-143">matrixSumme <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span>(matrixRoh<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span>)</span>
<span id="cb3-144">matrix <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> matrixRoh<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">map</span>(d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> ({ <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">/</span> matrixSumme }))</span>
<span id="cb3-145">topZelle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> matrix<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">reduce</span>((a<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> b) <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> (b<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&gt;</span> a<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">?</span> b <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> a))</span>
<span id="cb3-146">topErgebnis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> <span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`</span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">${</span>topZelle<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">${</span>topZelle<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb4" data-startfrom="151" data-source-offset="-0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 150;"><span id="cb4-151">torVerteilung <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> [[<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Heim"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaH]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> [<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Gast"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> lambdaA]]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">flatMap</span>(([team<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> l]) <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-152">  d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">6</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">map</span>(k <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> ({ team<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tore</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> k<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">poissonPmf</span>(k<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> l) }))</span>
<span id="cb4-153">)</span>
<span id="cb4-154">Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot</span>({</span>
<span id="cb4-155">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginBottom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">48</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-156">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">style</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">background</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontSize</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-157">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Tore"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelOffset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">40</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-158">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Wahrscheinlichkeit"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">percent</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-159">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fx</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">null</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-160">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">legend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#b892ff"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#5ad1c9"</span>] }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-161">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [</span>
<span id="cb4-162">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">barY</span>(torVerteilung<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fx</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"team"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"tore"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span id="cb4-164">  ]</span>
<span id="cb4-165">})</span></code></pre></div></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
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<div id="ojs-cell-4-1" data-nodetype="declaration">

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<p>So sehen die beiden Tor-Verteilungen bei diesen λ aus: für jedes Team die Wahrscheinlichkeit, keins, eins, zwei … Tore zu schießen.</p>
</section>
<section id="schritt-3-die-ergebnis-matrix-das-herzstück" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="schritt-3-die-ergebnis-matrix-das-herzstück">Schritt 3: Die Ergebnis-Matrix, das Herzstück</h2>
<p>Jetzt setze ich beide Teams zusammen. Nehme ich an, dass Heim- und Gast-Tore unabhängig sind, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines bestimmten Ergebnisses das Produkt der beiden Einzelwahrscheinlichkeiten:</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?P(x%7B:%7Dy)%20=%20%5Ctext%7BPoisson%7D(%5Ctext%7BHeim%7D%20=%20x)%20%5Ctimes%20%5Ctext%7BPoisson%7D(%5Ctext%7BGast%7D%20=%20y)%20%5Ctimes%20%5Ctau"></p>
<p>Das τ ist eine kleine Korrektur. Reine Poisson-Rechnung mit unabhängigen Toren unterschätzt in echten Spielen, wie oft knappe, torarme Ergebnisse vorkommen, vor allem 0:0 und 1:1. Die Dixon-Coles-Korrektur (mit einem Parameter rho = −0,1) schiebt genau die vier Felder 0:0, 1:0, 0:1 und 1:1 etwas zurecht. Am Ende normiere ich die ganze Tabelle auf 100 %.</p>
<p>Das Ergebnis ist eine Matrix: für jedes denkbare Ergebnis eine Wahrscheinlichkeit. Sie ist das Herzstück, alles Weitere liest sich daraus ab.</p>
<div class="cell">
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<span id="cb5-201">    })</span>
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<p>Heim-Tore stehen auf der senkrechten, Gast-Tore auf der waagerechten Achse. Je türkiser ein Feld, desto wahrscheinlicher das Ergebnis (Zahlen in Prozent), orange steht für unwahrscheinlich. Am wahrscheinlichsten ist hier 1:1 mit rund 13 %.</p>
</section>
<section id="schritt-4-abgleich-mit-den-ergebnis-quoten" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="schritt-4-abgleich-mit-den-ergebnis-quoten">Schritt 4: Abgleich mit den Ergebnis-Quoten</h2>
<p>Manche Buchmacher bieten auch direkte Quoten auf einzelne exakte Ergebnisse an, etwa auf 2:1 oder 1:1. Wenn es die gibt, mische ich meine Modell-Matrix mit diesen Marktquoten, gewichtet danach, wie sehr ich dem Modell vertraue. Bei den WM-Halbfinals gab es solche Quoten nicht. Dann überspringt das Programm den Schritt, und die Matrix aus Schritt 3 bleibt unverändert. Ich erwähne ihn trotzdem, weil er den Kern zeigt: Das Modell ist kein Dogma, wo der Markt mehr weiß, darf er korrigieren.</p>
</section>
<section id="schritt-5-der-punkteoptimale-tipp" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="schritt-5-der-punkteoptimale-tipp">Schritt 5: Der punkteoptimale Tipp</h2>
<p>Jetzt zahlt sich die Mühe aus. Ich könnte einfach das wahrscheinlichste Ergebnis tippen. Das ist aber selten die beste Wahl, weil das Punktesystem Beinahe-Treffer belohnt: drei Punkte für die richtige Tordifferenz, zwei für die richtige Tendenz.</p>
<p>Also rechne ich für jeden möglichen Tipp aus, wie viele Punkte er im Schnitt bringt. Für einen Tipp gehe ich die ganze Matrix durch, schaue bei jedem echten Ergebnis nach, wie viele Punkte der Tipp dort geben würde, und gewichte das mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit dieses Ergebnisses. Die Summe ist der Erwartungswert des Tipps. Der Tipp mit dem höchsten Erwartungswert wird die Empfehlung.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb6" data-startfrom="234" data-source-offset="-0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 233;"><span id="cb6-234">punkteFn <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> (ta<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> tb<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> ra<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> rb) <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> {</span>
<span id="cb6-235">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> (ta <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> ra <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&amp;&amp;</span> tb <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> rb) <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">return</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span></span>
<span id="cb6-236">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> ((ta <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> tb) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> (ra <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> rb)) <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">return</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3</span></span>
<span id="cb6-237">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">if</span> (<span class="bu" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Math</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sign</span>(ta <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> tb) <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> <span class="bu" style="color: null;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">Math</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sign</span>(ra <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> rb)) <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">return</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span></span>
<span id="cb6-238">  <span class="cf" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">return</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span></span>
<span id="cb6-239">}</span>
<span id="cb6-240">tippKandidaten <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">flatMap</span>(a <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">5</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">map</span>(b <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> ({</span>
<span id="cb6-241">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tipp</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`</span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">${</span>a<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span><span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">${</span>b<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">}</span><span class="vs" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">`</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-242">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ep</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d3<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sum</span>(matrix<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> r <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> r<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">p</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">*</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkteFn</span>(a<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> b<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> r<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> r<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span>))</span>
<span id="cb6-243">})))</span>
<span id="cb6-244">topTipps <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> tippKandidaten<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">slice</span>()<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sort</span>((u<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> v) <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> v<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ep</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span> u<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ep</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">slice</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">8</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-245">empfehlung <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> topTipps[<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tipp</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
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<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb7" data-startfrom="249" data-source-offset="0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 248;"><span id="cb7-249">Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">plot</span>({</span>
<span id="cb7-250">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginLeft</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">45</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-251">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginBottom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">50</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-252">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">style</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">background</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontSize</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-253">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Tipp"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelOffset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">42</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-254">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"erwartete Punkte"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-255">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [</span>
<span id="cb7-256">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">barY</span>(topTipps<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> {</span>
<span id="cb7-257">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"tipp"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ep"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sort</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"-y"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-258">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tipp</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> empfehlung <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">?</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#34d399"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> (d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tipp</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">===</span> topErgebnis <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">?</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#fbbf24"</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#b892ff"</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-259">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0.65</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-260">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tip</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">format</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> } }</span>
<span id="cb7-261">    })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-262">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">text</span>(topTipps<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"tipp"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"ep"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">text</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ep</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">toFixed</span>(<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2</span>)<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">dy</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">8</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fill</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span> })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-263">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ruleY</span>([<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stroke</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#5a4a6a"</span> })</span>
<span id="cb7-264">  ]</span>
<span id="cb7-265">})</span></code></pre></div></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<div id="ojs-cell-7" data-nodetype="expression">

</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Am wahrscheinlichsten ist 1:1, empfohlen wird aber 2:1. Der grüne Balken (Empfehlung) ist nicht der gelbe (wahrscheinlichstes Einzelergebnis), weil 2:1 im Schnitt mehr Fälle mit Tordifferenz- und Tendenz-Punkten abdeckt.</p>
</section>
<section id="der-zwischenstand" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="der-zwischenstand">Der Zwischenstand</h2>
<p>Und, funktioniert es? Bisher ja. Ich führe die Tabelle an, mit etwas Abstand zum Feld:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb8" data-startfrom="278" data-source-offset="0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 277;"><span id="cb8-278">tabelle <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">=</span> [</span>
<span id="cb8-279">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Ich"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">231</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-280">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">221</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-281">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"3."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">218</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-282">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"4."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">210</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-283">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"5."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">209</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-284">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"6."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">209</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-285">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"7."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">201</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-286">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"8."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">187</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-287">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"9."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">179</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-288">  { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">platz</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"10."</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">punkte</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">152</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ich</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> }</span>
<span id="cb8-289">]</span></code></pre></div></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<div id="ojs-cell-8" data-nodetype="declaration">

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb9" data-startfrom="294" data-source-offset="0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 293;"><span id="cb9-294">Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginLeft</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">45</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<span id="cb9-296">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marginBottom</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">50</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span id="cb9-297">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">style</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">background</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"transparent"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#e7e0f0"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">fontSize</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"13px"</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb9-298">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">label</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Platzierung"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelOffset</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">42</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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font-style: inherit;">platz</span>) }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
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<span id="cb9-299">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">false</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
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font-style: inherit;">fillOpacity</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">false</span> } }</span>
<span id="cb9-306">    })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb9-307">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ruleY</span>([<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stroke</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#5a4a6a"</span> })</span>
<span id="cb9-308">  ]</span>
<span id="cb9-309">})</span></code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Punkte pro Mitspieler, anonymisiert. Meine Position ist grün.</p>
<p>Ein Detail macht das Ergebnis für mich überzeugender: Ich habe fünf Spiele schlicht vergessen zu tippen, die mir neun Punkte gebracht hätten. Der Vorsprung entstand also trotz eines selbstverschuldeten Handicaps.</p>
<p>Ehrlich bleiben muss man trotzdem. Das ist eine Saison, ein kleines Feld, eine überschaubare Zahl an Spielen. Zehn Punkte Vorsprung können auch Glück sein. Was der Ansatz zuverlässig liefert, ist nicht der Sieg, sondern das Ausbleiben großer Ausrutscher. Und mehr wollte ich nicht: das Grillen soll jemand anderes organisieren.</p>
</section>
<section id="literatur" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="literatur">Literatur</h2>
<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" data-line-spacing="2">
<div id="ref-fama1970" class="csl-entry">
Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. <em>The Journal of Finance</em>, <em>25</em>(2), 383–417. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2325486">https://doi.org/10.2307/2325486</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-forrest2005" class="csl-entry">
Forrest, D., Goddard, J., &amp; Simmons, R. (2005). Odds-Setters as Forecasters: The Case of English Football. <em>International Journal of Forecasting</em>, <em>21</em>(3), 551–564. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2005.03.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2005.03.003</a>
</div>
<div id="ref-wunderlich2018" class="csl-entry">
Wunderlich, F., &amp; Memmert, D. (2018). The Betting Odds Rating System: Using Soccer Forecasts to Forecast Soccer. <em>PLOS ONE</em>, <em>13</em>(6), e0198668. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198668">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198668</a>
</div>
</div>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>statistik</category>
  <category>sportwetten</category>
  <category>projekt</category>
  <guid>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-11-quoten-tippen/</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Willkommen im Tagebuch</title>
  <link>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-10-willkommen/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<p>Dieses Blog ist mein Backlog. Ich halte fest, woran ich grad arbeite, was ich analysiert habe und was mir dabei durch den Kopf geht. In erster Linie schreibe ich für mich. Wer mitliest, gern.</p>
<p>Drei Sorten Einträge sind geplant:</p>
<ul>
<li>Analysen mit Statistik: Auswertungen und was ich daraus lese.</li>
<li>Projekt-Notizen: Zwischenstände zu Sachen, an denen ich baue.</li>
<li>Alles andere, das mich grad beschäftigt.</li>
</ul>
<section id="wie-hier-zahlen-aussehen" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wie-hier-zahlen-aussehen">Wie hier Zahlen aussehen</h2>
<p>Diagramme entstehen direkt aus Code, nicht aus statischen Bildern. Sie bleiben im Browser interaktiv: Maus über die Linien für Details, Kästchen an und aus für einzelne Projekte.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb1" data-startfrom="26" data-source-offset="-81" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 25;"><span id="cb1-26">projekte <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code hidden" id="cb2" data-startfrom="40" data-source-offset="0" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript" style="counter-reset: source-line 39;"><span id="cb2-40">viewof auswahl <span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
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font-style: inherit;">"Projekte:"</span>})</span></code></pre></div></div>
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background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"Stunden"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">labelAnchor</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"center"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">grid</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span> }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-51">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">color</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">legend</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">range</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#b892ff"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#5ad1c9"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#f0a868"</span>] }<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-52">  <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marks</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> [</span>
<span id="cb3-53">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ruleY</span>([<span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">0</span>]<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> { <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stroke</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"#5a4a6a"</span> })<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-54">    Plot<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lineY</span>(data<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">filter</span>(d <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">=&gt;</span> auswahl<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">includes</span>(d<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.</span><span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">projekt</span>))<span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span> {</span>
<span id="cb3-55">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">x</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"woche"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-56">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">y</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"stunden"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-57">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">stroke</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"projekt"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-58">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">strokeWidth</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">2.5</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-59">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">curve</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"catmull-rom"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-60">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">marker</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"circle"</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">,</span></span>
<span id="cb3-61">      <span class="dt" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tip</span><span class="op" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">:</span> <span class="kw" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: inherit;">true</span></span>
<span id="cb3-62">    })</span>
<span id="cb3-63">  ]</span>
<span id="cb3-64">})</span></code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Das Diagramm entsteht aus den paar Zeilen Code darüber, ganz ohne Bilddatei. Für echte Einträge tausche ich die Beispieldaten gegen meine eigenen.</p>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>allgemein</category>
  <guid>https://zacdet.github.io/quarto-blog/posts/2026-07-10-willkommen/</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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